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Rūdolfs Brūzis
Dr. hist.
Latvijas Universitātes Latvijas vēstures institūts
rudolfs.bruzis@lu.lv
Arheoloģiskie izrakumi Višķu sinagogas vietā
Atslēgas vārdi: sinagogu arheoloģija, būvarheoloģija, izrakumi, Višķu vēsture
Kopsavilkums
Višķu miestā kopš 18. gs. beigām sāka apmesties ebreji, 19. gs. beigās tika uzcelta sinagoga. Ēka nodegusi Otrā pasaules kara laikā, taču tās drupas joprojām ir nolasāmas digitālajā zemes virsmas modeļa attēlā. Sinagogas vietā plānota memoriāla izveide, tāpēc bija nepieciešams veikt šī objekta arheoloģisko izpēti. Izrakumi veikti divos laukumos. Pirmajā laukumā pilnībā atsegti nelielas piebūves pie sinagogas ziemeļu sienas pamati, kas mūrēti no lieliem granīta akmeņiem kaļķa javā. Virs pamatiem būvēts koka karkass, par ko liecina apaļa baļķa nospiedumi garākās sienas pamatu virspusē konstatētajā javā. Piebūves karkass apšūts ar dēļiem, tā veidojot sinagogai līdzīgas fasādes. Uz piebūvi vedušas mūrētas kāpnes ar trīs pakāpieniem. Telpa bijusi apkurināma, jo tās vidusdaļā atsegta sabrukusi ķieģeļu krāsns. Otrais izrakumu laukums iemērīts sinagogas galvenās ieejas vietā. Tur atradusies piebūve, kam bijuši mūrēti, apmesti pamati ar trīs pakāpienu uzeju, divviru durvis, horizontāls dēļu apšuvums un krāsns apkure. Laukumā atsegta pakāpienu platforma, betonēta piebūves grīda, sinagogas dienvidu sienas pamati un neliela daļa no ēkas iekšpuses. Izrakumos atrastas dažādas senlietas: būvkalumi, krāsns daļas, dažādu trauku lauskas, vairākas 19. un 20. gs. monētas, kā arī sinagogas interjera dekoratīvie elementi. Arheoloģiskie pētījumi devuši šādus vispārinošus secinājumus: Višķu ciemata vidē ir precīzi noteikta sinagogas atrašanās vieta un tās izmēri (16,5 x 16 m), pamatu un pašas ēkas būvtips, celtnes plānojums, izpētīta galvenās ieejas vieta un neliela piebūve, noteikts grīdas seguma veids, kā arī lokalizēti atsevišķi lūgšanu nama komponenti.
Rūdolfs Brūzis
Dr. hist.
Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia
rudolfs.bruzis@lu.lv
Archaeological Excavations on the Site of Višķi Synagogue
Key words: archaeology of synagogues, building archaeology, excavations, history of Višķi
Summary
In the town of Višķi, Jews began to settle at the end of the 18th century. For their religious needs a synagogue was built at the end of the 19th century. The building was burned down during World War II, but its ruins can still be discerned in the digital image of the Earth surface model. A memorial is planned to be built on the site of the synagogue, so it was necessary to carry out an archaeological investigation of this object. Excavations were carried out in two squares. In the first square, the foundations of a small ell, attached to the northern wall of the synagogue were unearthed. Foundations were built of large granite stones in lime mortar. A wooden frame was built above the foundations, as evidenced by the impression of a round log in the mortar, found on top of the foundations of the longest wall. The frame of the ell is sheathed with boards, creating synagogue-like facades. A bricked staircase with three steps led to the ell. The room used to be heated – a ruined brick oven was exposed in its middle part. The second excavation square was located at the main entrance of the synagogue. An ell was located there, which had plastered stone foundations with a three-step staircase, double-sided doors, horizontal board cladding, and furnace heating. Unearthed was a step platform, concrete covered floor, southern foundations of the synagogue, and a small part of the interior of the building. Various artifacts were found in the excavations: 19th and 20th century building forges, furnace metal parts, fragments of various tableware, coins, and decorative elements of the synagogue interior. Archaeological studies have yielded the following generalizing conclusions: in the urban environment of Višķi, the site of the synagogue has been precisely located and its dimensions determined (16,5 x 16 m); the construction type of the foundations and the building itself is determined; the layout of the building was determined, the location of the main entrance and a small ell were studied, the type of flooring was determined, as well as main components of the prayer house were located.
How to cite
Brūzis, R. (2024) Arheoloģiskie izrakumi Višķu sinagogas vietā. In: Saleniece, I., atb. red. Vēsture: avoti un cilvēki = History: Sources and People. XXVII. Daugavpils: Daugavpils Universitātes Akadēmiskais apgāds “Saule”. 24.–30. lpp.
